Stephen Cranes The Open Boat Essay -- Stephen Crane Open Boat Essays

Stephen Crane's The Open Boat Mankind regularly will in general consider itself to be in effect by one way or another significant in the amazing plan of the Universe. We talk about 'destiny' as though we were put here for reasons unknown, or reason. We have our religions, which frequently fill in as a motor to drive our lives and as a way to offer importance to them. Yet, for what reason do we consider ourselves in such a prevalent design? Do we truly make a difference by any means? Would the Universe stop in the event that we were out of nowhere removed? In his short story, 'The Open Boat,' Stephen Crane shows us a Universe absolutely uninterested with the undertakings of mankind; it is a detached Universe wherein Man needs to battle to endure. The characters in the story encounter this impassion and are almost overwhelmed by Nature's absence of concern. They endure just through industriousness and participation. All we have, Crane affirms, in our consistent battle for endurance, is 'difficult pride- - and one a nother.' The story opens with four men, referred to just as the commander, the oiler, the journalist, and the cook, abandoned in the sea in a little vessel. Crane's portrayals in these initial scenes show immediately the enmity of the men and the ocean and nature's absence of worry for their disaster: 'The flying creatures sat easily in gatherings, and they were begrudged by some in the dingey, for the rage of the ocean was no more to them than it was to a group of grassland chickens a thousand miles inland.'(2) The men are in a urgent circumstance, yet nature proceeds in its direction...

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The fundamental capacity exhibited by Spunk where the capacity to rapidly examine information and show connections in the information. This manufactures increasingly secure tasks, since information can be aggregated and investigated in minutes rather than hours and days. In this way any important activity by tasks work force and security staff can occur in a sensible measure of time. Spunk likewise can screen server occasions and report cautions varying to make faculty aware of continuous or current issues. 3.What kinds of â€Å"Data Inputs† are accessible in Spunk and most other log the executives apparatuses? Spunk can get information contributions from occasion log assortment, remote occasion log assortments, records and registries, neighborhood execution observing, remote execution checking TCP, UDP, Registry observing dynamic index checking, and contents. 4. What sorts of â€Å"Alert Conditions† are accessible in Spunk and most other log the board instruments? A. A Basic Conditional Alert is a trigger that is set off when a specific number Of cautions that have been booked is outperformed. . An Advanced Conditional Alert is a trigger that is set off when an optional alarm is met notwithstanding the essential planned caution. 5. What sorts of â€Å"Alert Actions† are accessible in Spunk and most other log the executives apparatuses? Essential cautioning, Advanced alarms and limiting alternatives, Real-time alarming and choking, and Alert Manager 6. What is the quest string for the â€Å"windows-fletching-failure† pre-arranged Search? 7. What is the quest string for the performance_snapshot robotized Job which comes pre-arranged? . Give in any event five (5) instances of security or activities related Windows Management Reports and Searches that are pre-designed and accessible inside Spunk 9. What Chart Types are accessible for an inquiry or report inside Spunk? There are segment, line, zone, bar, pie, disperse, outspread measure, filler check, and marker measure. 10. What Scheduled Search did you design to Alert as well as Report inside Spunk to help your AOL of Implementing Security Operations Management Best Practices?Explain the thinking behind planning this specific alarm. I would plan the prefigured search, blunders in the most recent hour, to run each hour. This would permit me to perceive any blunders that are moderately new that I could investigate rapidly. Preferably alarms continuously would be better, however in the event that simply picking one to run while another hunt is built up this would be acceptable.

Nonfiction To Read If Youd Like to Follow Owls Around

Nonfiction To Read If Youd Like to Follow Owls Around Have you watched this amazing story about following owls yet? If you came across NPRs story on the path of a snowy owl, you might have really enjoyed it. You might have even watched it a few times. If, like me, you watched it way too many times and began to question  the value of non-bird  existence, then maybe its time to explore a little bit further here. There are such fantastic themes in Adam Coles video piece on following a specific Snowy Owls movement from Baltimore to the North not just about owls themselves and their travelling ways, but about humans who are surprised and overwhelmed by  this owlish process. So, thanks NPR, and Adam Cole, for producing a story so fantastic, it deserved its own booklist: The Homing Instinct: Meaning and Mystery in Animal Migration by Bernd Heinrich Is this one too on the nose? Heinrich starts his book immediately through the comparison of his trip leaving Germany to the pigeons ability to return home when released in a strange area. And he goes from there. Its clear this author has lots to talk about and many many birds to consider. The Genius of Birds by Jennifer Ackerman I love how this one starts out by analyzing our view of birds as creatures lacking intelligence (i.e. bird brain). The best part about this is the recognition of intelligence as a flexible term that seems inflexible. The Owl Who Liked Sitting on Caesar: Living with a Tawny Owl by Martin Windrow Along with a warning about when one should adopt an owl (pretty much never), Windrow goes into the long story of his life with an owl as a pet and a background of owl-life in general. With an interesting look into everyday life with an owl friend and how the world reacts to such a relationship, Windrows work is a rare example. Or, if youre interested in the culture of Americas response to nature in general, an issue often overlooked, check out: Trace: Memory, History, Race and the American Landscape by Lauret Savoy Beautifully written, this book focuses on the great travelling of humans across landscapes. Ive just started this one, and the writing itself is overwhelming. Savoy knows how to present nature and people together and juxtaposed against each other. There are lots of important cultural notes within that unfold with each naturalistic scene. Best American Science and Nature Writing, 2015 edited by Rebecca Skloot. You just cant go wrong in the introduction to conservation and naturalistic writing to approach it from the essay. This version of the Best American series can provide the most updated, clearest narratives of consideration in science. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

The Fraud Fear In Internet Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4091 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Critical investigate the risk assessment and fraud prevention for banks, payment and processing service providers using internet banking. Evaluate and analyze that why are dwindling customers confidence on internet banking and huge loss of reputation, find out reasons, methods of securing the internet banking. A relatively analysis on Banks about the world trepidation an enormous loss of reputation and diminishing clients trust in their Internet daises through very intellectual and increasingly triumphant Internet banking attacks. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Fraud Fear In Internet Banking Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Halifax plc is banking and insurance company in the United Kingdom, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lloyds Banking Group having been taken over in January 2009. It is the holding company for Bank of Scotland plc, which operates the Bank of Scotland and Halifax brands in the UK, as well as HBOS Australia and HBOS Insurance Investment Group Limited, the groups insurance division. HBOS was formed merger of Halifax plc and the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland and the formation of HBOS was heralded as creating a fifth force in British banking as it created a company of comparable size and stature to the established big Four UK retail banks. It is also the UKs largest mortgage lender. HBOS Group Reorganisation Act 2006 saw the transfer of Halifax plc to the Governor and Company of the Bank of Scotland, which was now a registered public limited company, Bank of Scotland plc. Although officially HBOS is not an abbreviation of any specific words, it is widely presumed to s tand for Halifax Bank of Scotland. The corporate headquarters of the group were located on The Mound in Edinburgh, Scotland; the former head office of Bank of Scotland. Operational headquarters were based in Halifax, West Yorkshire, England; the former head office of Halifax. The group became part of Lloyds Banking Group through a takeover by Lloyds TSB. This came into effect on Monday 19 January 2009 after both sets of shareholders approved the deal. HBOS continues to operate as a separate organisation within the new group, although over time it is likely to be restructured. Lloyds Banking Group has stated that the new group will continue to use The Mound as the headquarters for its Scottish operations and will not cease the issue of Scottish bank notes. The services and products Halifax offers include: different types of bank accounts and saving accounts, travel packages, credit cards, investments, loans, mortgages, insurance and online banking. Background Halifax has now released monthly figures for March estimating UK house prices have dropped 2.5%. Some areas are down twice that. House prices have now fallen year on year. In March 2007, Halifax had the average UK house price at  £194,094. For March 2008 its down to  £191, 556. (Halifax doesnt highlight the fact, instead focusing on three month rolling averages to record a small year on year gain.) Key data from the Halifax report House prices fell by 2.5% in March. Prices in Quarter 1 were 1.0% lower than in 2007 Quarter 4. House prices in March were 1.1% higher than a year earlier. The biggest rises were in Greater London (1.6%), East Anglia (1.4%) and East Midlands (2.2%).There were price falls in a number of regions, with the biggest falls in West Midlands (-5.0%) and Wales (-4.7%). Amusingly for students of spin, the Halifax obfuscates these numbers with a few paragraphs of Dont Panic waffle: We expect there to be a modest (low single digit) decline in UK house prices t his year. Any declines, however, should be viewed in the context of the significant price rises over recent years. UK prices have increased by 171% over the past ten years and by 51% over the last five years. The average UK price has risen by  £120,860 during the past decade from  £70,696 to  £191,556. All 12 UK regions have experienced substantial house price rises over the last ten years, ranging from 146% in Scotland to 271% in Northern Ireland. Average prices increased by 191% in Greater London, 188% in Wales and 150% in West Midlands during the period. Sound economic fundamentals are supporting house prices. A strong labour market, low interest rates and a shortage of new houses underpin housing valuations. The Bank of England is certain in my view to cut rates on Thursday by 0.25%, but whether that can reduce the interbank lending rate that has increased mortgage rates let alone stems the steady withdrawal of mortgage products remains to be seen. Internet banking allo ws customers to perform a wide range of banking transactions electronically via the banks Web site. When first introduced, Internet banking was used mainly as an information presentation medium in which banks marketed their products and services on their Web sites. With the development of asynchronous technologies and secured electronic transaction technologies, however, more banks have come forward to use Internet banking both as a transactional as well as an informational medium. As a result, registered Internet banking users can now perform common banking transactions such as writing checks, paying bills, transferring funds, printing statements, and inquiring about account balances. Internet banking has evolved into a one stop service and information unit that promises great benefits to both banks and consumers. Internet banking services are crucial for long-term survival of banks in the world of electronic commerce (Burnham 1996). The market for Internet banking is forecast t o grow sharply in the next few years, affecting the competitive advantage enjoyed by traditional branch banks (Duclaux 2007). Indeed, it also was estimated that financial institutions that 0failed to respond to the need for Internet banking services would likely lose more than 10% of their customer base by the year 2000 (Orr 2008; Tower Group 1996). Internet banking would help banks present a potentially low cost alternative to brick and mortar branch banking. Burnham found that the majority of banks with Web sites spent less than  £25,000 to create a Web presence, and less than  £25,000 a year maintaining it. He suggested that even if these figures were to rise as banks began to offer Internet banking services, they would still be less costly than the traditional branch banking. For example, it requires  £1.5 million to  £2 million to set up a traditional brick and mortar branch and  £350,000 to  £500,000 a year to operate it. Note that Burnhams figure of  £25,000 is just for creating an electronic presence on the Web. A fully functional Internet banking site is likely to cost  £1 million to  £2 million. However, while traditional banks operating costs account for between 50% and 60% of revenues, running costs of Journal of the Association for Information Systems 5 Internet banking is estimated at between 15% and 20% of revenues (Booz-Allen Hamilton 1997). From the consumers perspective, Internet banking provides a very convenient and effective approach to manage ones finances as it is easily accessible 24 hours a day, and seven days a week. Besides, the information is current. For corporate customers, sophisticated cash management packages offered through Internet banking provide them with up to the minute information, allowing for timely funds management decisions (Kalakota and Whinston 2008). Web banking customers with Halifax are being put at risk of fraud because of serious loopholes in their security systems; it is claimed 27 Au gust, 2009. An expert assessment of the security regime at the ten leading online banks put the two household name firms at the bottom of the league. The news follows a 132 per cent rise in web banking fraud against UK consumers last year to a total of  £52.5million. Internet banking refers to systems that enable bank customers to access accounts and general information on bank products and services through a personal computer (PC) or other intelligent device. Internet banking products and services can include wholesale products for corporate customers as well as retail and fiduciary products for consumers. Ultimately, the products and services obtained through Internet banking may mirror products and services offered through other bank delivery channels. (Comptroller of the currency, Administration of National Banks, 2007) Sophisticated criminal gangs, many based in Eastern Europe and China, are finding ways to access the web bank accounts of victims in order to grab their cas h. Most often this is done through phishing, where the criminals send out emails pretending to be from a persons bank directing them to a bogus site where their access passwords are stolen. However, there is also a problem where criminals implant a virus or spying software malware on the computers of their targets, which tracks the websites visited and the keystrokes used. (Sean Poulter, 27 August 2009) Online banking is now huge with some 21million active accounts, providing a lucrative pot of cash for the thieves who can circumvent bank security. Computing, published on 27 August 2009, found Halifax has one of the least secure log-in procedures. It asks for three pieces of information to confirm a customers identity. As each entry is typed in full, it makes the information vulnerable to a simple key logger virus (a virus that sits on a computer and tracks every keystroke with the aim of collecting passwords). The Halifax allows customers, real or criminal to transfer money o ut of the account without making additional security checks. Customers of Halifax are not immediately logged out if they browse away to another website. This means that if they walk away from a shared computer, someone else could access their account. Computing editor Sarah Kidner (August 2009) said: There are surprisingly big differences between big banks visible online security systems. (Sean Poulter, 27 August 2009) Some simple measures, like the use of drop-down menus, could improve safety considerably. The banks may say its the hidden security measures that count, but to have real confidence in an online account, customers need to see security in place. Halifax, which is now part of Lloyds, said the bank has additional security measures beyond those immediately apparent to a customer. Halifax said they give the highest priority to the security of customers accounts and its systems are constantly reviewed and improved. A spokesman for the banking industry payments body, APACS , said: Online banking customers are increasingly being targeted by malware attacks, which is why the industry continues to remind customers that they have their computers firewall switched on and anti-virus software installed and kept up to date. (Sean Poulter, 27 August 2009) In the context of the framework, intention to adopt Internet banking services is thus the dependent variable, while the independent variables comprise attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control. In the below framework, the research framework for the Internet banking services: (Margaret Tan, National University of Singapore, 2008) Halifax: Would not it be nice if your bank thanked you properly for your custom? Our new Reward Current Account does just that rewarding you with  £5 each month. So we know what they are saying but it this exactly true? I dont think there is any logic at all behind this new Reward Current Account and their certainly not giving anyone extra. That is  £ 5 of taxpayers money that you get back when you pay into your account  £1000 or more in your account a month. After all most of these banks have been being bailed out with taxpayers money anyway. I find it to be unbelievable that they have the cheek to say they are rewarding their customers. After all, its not rocket science to figure out their basically giving you  £5 of tax payers money that you bailed them out with a few months back anyway. It is time they got their thinking caps on and start rewarding their customers for real instead of making them believe that they are being rewarded because when you look at it from this viewpoint scenario you know youre not exactly being rewarded. The Halifax Bank of Scotland adverts have entertained us and made us cringe and their cross-branding can get confusing at times but these days with everyone and their dog (no offence Churchill) able to start up an internet based insurance company many are turning back to the reliability and co mprehensive cover that you generally only get when a well known financial institution is at the helm, not just financing the boat. Although it is expected, due to their extensive mortgage facilities and experience, for the Halifax to sell home cover they also insure your car, pet, travel and health. Unlike most insurers these days, the Halifaxs website is geared towards getting you to phone so that they can tailor your policy and as incentive they offer deals like premium fixing which only available offline is. They also have quite a stringent online questionnaire with things like making more than two claims in three years and working from home requiring you to phone them. Confusing to us because surely if you wanted to call them you would have opened the Yellow Pages, not logged online to find their website. Anyway, discounts that apply with either application include up to 30% no claims discount plus a further discount if you buy both buildings and contents cover together. (Jam es Slack, Home Affair editor, 26 May 2010) The latter normally has some of the lowest combination discounts weve seen (e.g. 5% a few months ago) but its good to see a strong effort with the ever growing trend of no claims bonuses attached to home insurance. As you would expect they pride themselves more on service than the cheapness of their policies with a no-form-filling claims inquiry process, a dedicated Halifax claims manager to process that claim and a 24 hour repair/replace promise once that claim is settled. Travel insurance from the Halifax is not as extensive as specialised travel insurers but if youre looking to have general cover for your holidays and you want to keep all your policies in one place there is nothing wrong with the cover provided for such. Single trip travel insurance, individual annual cover, world travel cover, winter sports and family travel insurances are all available with a discount for buying any policy online. Halifax pet insurance services are less generous with the discounts with only a few pounds off should you buy online but you do get an extra discount if you insure more than one pet with them. Big plus is the no age limit with some insurers capping at five years for some breeds. The Halifax Bank of Scotland Group (HBOS) has been providing insurance and closely related services such as mortgages for many years which give them a unique perspective to create comprehensive home cover. They quote themselves as the largest mortgage and savings provider in the UK and one of the leading insurers. Key Literature There have been numerous studies identifying the key service quality attributes in the physical banking environment, where personal interaction between customers and bank employees is a primary aspect of service deliver. However, relatively little literature has investigated service quality attributes in the Internet Banking Sector (e-Service) where non-human interaction is the main component of service delivery. Joseph (2009) investigated the influence of technology, such as the A.T.M., telephone and Internet on the delivery of banking service in UK. Using the Hemmasi (2004) importance performance technique, their study identified five underlying dimensions of electronic banking service quality. First is convenience/accuracy, second is feedback/complaint management, third one is efficiency, fourth is queue management and the last is accessibility and customisation. The main limitation of this study is that they took a generalised perspective on electronic banking and did not consi der that each type of technology might have a different effect on customers perceptions of quality. Jun and Cai (2008) have focused specifically on the issues associated with Internet banking quality. Using the critical Incident technique they revealed a total of seventeen attributes of Internet banking service quality, which they classified into three broad categories: customer service quality, banking service, product quality and online systems quality. They concluded that Internet banks should pay attention to all seventeen attributes in order to maintain a high level of overall banking service quality. However, to reinforce competitiveness in an extremely competitive market place and given limited organisational resources, they recommended that banks offering Internet banking services should focus on the following six key attributes; responsiveness, reliability, access, ease of use, accuracy and product variety/diverse features. Their research findings have revealed that thes e six attributes tend to have a strong impact on customers satisfaction, depending on the quality performance of those attributes. These six attributes were, therefore, used as a basis for the research described in the paper. Banks around the world fear a huge loss of reputation and dwindling customer confidence in their Internet platforms through very clever and increasingly successful Internet banking attacks. Furthermore, experts are now convinced that securing Internet banking through IT security methods (user authentication, encryption, authorisation codes) is not enough, since almost every security system can be cracked in practise (man-in-the-middle and man-in-the-browser attacks have a high success rate nowadays), especially if the security system has to remain affordable and user-friendly. IT security measures can be ideally supplemented by a risk assessment of every transaction on the Internet banking server. Even internet provider such as airlines (online ticket sale) or online shops are confronted with a high number of fraud losses.   An international study conducted by the consulting agency Deloitte proved that 79% of all airlines have to fight against fraud. Most of the fraud cases are caused by payment via credit card. During the last years, the losses due to fraud have increased worldwide fivefold. The losses in total add up to 600 million British Pounds. Justification I have chosen this topic and bank branch because I have Halifax bank is incredible managing all financial services in personal banking, business banking, Private banking and Commercial banking. In my point of view and according to market survey, Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) are affecting in the time period of 2007 to 2010. There are several reasons of influence and main reason of this time period is recession. Specially; SME businesses have an effected. Halifax (Walthamstow Branch) has been playing greatly rationalized role in the SME market in the form of lending. This bank branch has offered various plans to SME market for making better improvement in business. As I mentioned above about Halifax offers for SME Lending and Halifax Lending activities to make more suitable and helpful for every kind of business under different circumstances and excellent offers comparatively other banks and building societies. This Branch is trying to improve the business in the particularl y area SMEs. I have chosen this company because this Bank is providing on the specific level of business and it wants to help in real business market. Halifax bank understands all issues of SME business like how these businesses are surviving in the recession time? How will SME improve in this critical situation of businesses? Hypothesis Halifax has improved in a number of ways to access the account. In recent years the Bank has therefore been focusing on areas of more specific interest and concern that is fraud fear on internet banking. Examples of this increased focus are the Banks report on The Financing of Technology-based on usage of internet banking, published in October 2008, and the report on Smaller Exporters, published in January 2008. This latest report in that series focuses on the financing of ethnic minority firms in the Ilford, London, UK, concentrating on the smaller end of the business sector and on the start-up and early growth stages. Halifax is to cut  interest rates  on a range of products by up to 0.65 per cent, it has been revealed. The changes will take the form of a new range of  fixed rate  and  lending. Among the new products is the banks lowest rate ever a two year  fixed lending  at 3.49 per cent. Remortgage  customers will also see the cost of  lending  fall, with deals on offer from 3.79 per cent. John Russell, director of branch (2009) internet banking department, said: They remain committed to online banking to our customers and offering highly competitive  securities  during these challenging online fraud, hacking, phishing in less security conditions. Methodology Primary Research The primary data in this research will be will be collected through conducting a questionnaire survey. This research study depends upon both primary and secondary data sources. Mostly research will be dependent on questionnaire survey or primary data. Types In the primary research, there are multiple types for example; Interviews with consumers and bank service providers, surveys, focus groups and questionnaires. Advantages/disadvantages Using primary research, it will help me to find out problems in internet banking and banking problems for fraud what they are facing. They will get original and authenticate data but still Halifax cannot provide all information because they think it could be drawback for the market competitors point of view. Chosen I have chosen this topic because my personal account in this bank and this branch is near to my accommodation and I can get easily more authentic information for my research according to various users. Objective: with t he objective of fulfil the research requirement and fraud fear on internet banking in the current century (2010). Secondary Research Types Secondary data will be gathered from books, journals, articles, research agencies and from other online recourses. Both categories of secondary data, internal (inside the organization) and external (outside the organization) data will be themed. Advantages/disadvantages In the secondary research, it will help me to find out all previous data, facts and figures and surveys which have done in past. So, I can theme this data for my research and it will help me for my research and future data. Objective I have chosen it because I have already study of Internet banking in different societies and banks for example; Halifax, Halifax, RBS, and HSBC. Objective: using my all information; I can achieve my targets for this research and I can complete my research for dissertation. Quantative / Qualitative As the quantitative data or information is obtained from the available secondary sources it will be achieved in this dissertation from articles, published reports, magazines and online recourses. Qualitative data provides the information with nearest approach of reality and reliable quality. So qualitative data of dissertation will be collected from the interviews, question is survey and focus groups. Scope After completing my research on internet banking for Halifax customers in particular bank branch (Halifax Ilford branch). This research would help to improve the internet banking and analyze the consumers view with the reference of Halifax internet banking in different areas, situation. Limitations During the research, interviews and statistic data; I will try to get more information for my dissertation. The greatest impact of Halifax bank is through its internet banking policies, and through the companies and personals that it usage of Internet Banking and allows to operate. Only smile, as part of the Halifax Bank, has a complete ethical internet banking policy. Halifax Ethical internet banking providers  only invest in ethical companies and funds generally, ethical internet banks will  avoid doing fraud in internet banking in business with companies that have anything to with green or ethical violations. Ethics In the proposal, I consult all the data and information from Halifax bank report, journals and books and I themed all references and give the credit to original authors and writers. I have not themed any illegal websites, books or any other way of material for this research. Secondly ethical banking of Halifax is an umbrella term for putting your money where you morals are and choosing financial products which are in line with your  own ethos. But its not just ethics that encourage people to  choose green, as some ethical investment products, for example, have been known to outperform their non-ethical counterparts, so it can make good financial sense too. Recommendation Halifax Bank was asked to tackle the enquiry of permission to fraud fear in internet banking under the Ilford branch for social movement. This research report has needed supplying evidence on the present obligation for and providing of business economics banking and personal banking on internet for social endeavours in the UK and has also calculated forthcoming reasons of internet banking fraud fear, which may be fundamentals to description for the social benefits of public endeavours movements. The proof accessible in the statement reveals the complexity of the substance in the area of Internet banking for the personal, business and commercial customers. As the Banks appraisal demonstrates, the division is composed of a various diversity of administrations for controlling the online banking fraud, that are building up a plan in instruct to protected a more maintainable internet banking for Halifax customers. Communal endeavours, like all commercial, need access to use to several w ay of access the account especially online banking. Our investigates illustrate that, while a substantial amount of public schemes do access internet banking, there are problems on both the need and offer side that can create it more hard and tricky for hackers of internet banking.

Why Everyone Is Mistaken Regarding Strong Thesis Statement and Why You Really Need to Read This Document Immediately

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Psychosexual Theory Free Essays

Evaluate the extent to which Freud’s theory of psychosexual development can help us to understand a client’s presenting issue? | Psychosexual Development Theory The meaning of the psychosexual theory has nothing to do with sexuality or sex in terms of reproduction, but is referred to in meaning as anything that gives pleasure to the body such as a hug, taste, food, this is according to Freud. Freud believed that early childhood has an effect on the future life of person there are five stages he believed that a person went through physiologically and psychologically. The physiology is based on human instinct to survive, the psychology is the emotional/mental interpretation of the act and the pleasure that it provides. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosexual Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now This was the birth of psychodynamics the link between physiology and psychology, the motivation behind the behavioural action. Freud’s psychosexual theory is based on child development from birth through to adult hood. The idea is the association between the physiological developments being linked to the psychological development in early childhood. The first stage is set at birth to 18 months, it is the oral stage, this area is based on the mouth and the need to eat to survive also coupled with the pleasure that follows through with taste, this is instigated by breasting feeding. Babies enjoy breasting feeding it is soothing, it feels good and it tastes good, this is the first pleasure that babies have. This stage focuses on the mouth as babies learn through taste; they put things in their mouths to learn. It is at this stage that a child learns that the mouth gives instant pleasure through taste and that food gives pleasure. Following the oral stage is the anal stage which is based on the anus; this stage normally occurs around 18 months to three years old. This stage is based on control, this is the control of the bowels being able to control when and where to excrete. The pleasure principle here is based around potty training, the emphasis placed on the child to control when they need to release themselves and the parent displaying expectation on the suitability and necessity of having control over the bowels and taking ownership of actions based around potty training. Depending on how this is executed the developing child will learn the control factor and get pleasure for being able to exercise their control over this. Stage three is the phallic stage this is from ages 3-5, at this stage the child starts to realise that there is a difference between boys and girls; it is here that the developing child sees a difference in their genitals relating to the parent from the opposite sex. Females start to become aware that they don’t have a penis and sense there is a difference in terms of strength between men and women. Males start to become aware that they are strong and have a sense of protection regarding their mother. This can be understood in terms that girls seek protection from their fathers and see their mother as a rival and this follows in reverse regarding sons and mothers. Stage four from ages 5 to adolescence is latency it is the lull stage where nothing further happens in terms of development in the psychosexual theory. Stage five genital stage this is the adult sexual phase, this is where the developing person experiences sex, romance, love, crushes and friendships. The relationship of the five stages manifested through to adulthood is as follows. During the oral stage should there be a disruption such as feeding was unsuccessful or issues to do with health pertaining to the oral area then it would manifest through the individuals behaviour resulting in direct issues regarding the mouth. The conflict here is weaning the child off the breast towards solid foods, if this process is handled in a less satisfying way towards the developing child, the outcome can be an anxiety lead habitual acts. This could result in chewing pencils, thumb sucking, gum chewing, smoking, over eating, not necessarily in an order but the idea is if an individual becomes fixated in the oral stage they may have some anxiety that would be displayed in one of the above actions. This stems from the idea that the individual was not breast feed enough or there was a disruption of some kind relating to feeding or weaning was unsuccessful and caused issues with feeding, due to this need not being met as an infant the need manifests itself in some other behavioural type. The anal stage relates to control and is the stage where the concept of potty training was either successful or not, resulting in the individual being either â€Å"anal retentive† meaning up tight and rigid when it comes to neatness and organisation. This is the idea that the individual enjoyed their potty training. On the other hand depending on how the training was administered. For if the child was not forth coming in their potty training or the training was not handled ppropriately or was very easy going and care free, the idea is that the individual would be disorganised, messy and have possible anxiety with anything to do with passing bowel movements. The phallic stage relates to relationships with the opposite sex through the understanding of the relationship between the individual and the parent of the opposite sex. This is the origins for the Oedipus and Electra complex stage. Boys tend to want to protect their mothers and come into conflict with their fathers as a me ans to assert themselves. Girls seek the protection of their fathers while they rival with their mothers for his attention. The child suspects that the same sex parent knows about their attraction towards the opposite sex and hates them for it. The latency stage is the stage of pure childish playfulness, there is no pleasure factor here but child growth such as school, play, fun and basic child features. The focus is on interacting and taking in their surroundings. This is based on repression driving from the stage prior to this one, because of the awareness but the lack of knowledge about the differences between male and females, the child tends to repress any thoughts feelings or concerns and so begins the latency stage. The genital stage is the sexuality process and the discovery of pleasure through the genitals, at this stage boys begin to masturbate and for some this can be uncontrollable. It is not uncommon for parents to reprimand a child for being caught too often with their hands down their pants. And the threats of castration are common to try and deter the boy from such impulsive acts. For girls the suspicion is based on their sexual development in terms of their physical being, breasts grow and the female form takes shape. In this way, and for such reason, the child’s feelings on the subject of his relationship with his parents, and their attitude towards his body and its future, may become divided. What Freud Really Said: An Introduction to His Life and Thought: 1965 David Stafford-Clark: Hachette Digital: Location 1254 This theory is Freud’s theory and although it has come into must dispute and criticism it is a theory that may not necessarily be utilised to its fullness however not completely disregarded. The ID the Ego and the Superego These stages are portioned and governed by three powers of the mind that Freud believed to be within everyone. The ID described as the self, instinctual and primitive, the Ego understood as the mediator, intelligent and sensible, and the Super Ego acts as the conscience it is institutional and ensures ethical actions. The ID which is known as the pleasure principle the, I want, I need is the driving factor towards getting our needs met, this is the selfish mode which informs us that we are hungry, lonely, sick. This factor has no relevance in the how are these needs to be met, but rather in the fact that these needs are present and need to be fulfilled. The Ego facilitates the needs of the ID ensuring that it is in line with reality and acceptable to fulfil those needs that the ID manifests, the ID creates the desire and the Ego works out how to get the desires met in balance with society and appropriateness. The Super Ego is the conscience the moral side of the mind, it ensures that the morality is in place throughout the drive from the ID’s desire to the Ego’s will to get the desires met in accordance to appropriateness, the Super Ego balances the morality and acts as a reminder that behaviour should be managed in a moral standing. This is the Freud analogy of the human mind and how it is motivated and managed by the individual. The oral stage is governed by the ID as this is the immediate survival stage such as feeding, then the Ego which develops during the oral stage which leads on to the next stage. By the anal stage the superego has develop hence the control over bowel movements and the potty training by a parent who may install certain values as to why big boys and girls use the toilet. By this stage the personality has now come into form. The main criticism of these theories are that it has never been experimented or deemed true by means of observation, it is all Freud’s ideas and thoughts on how the human psyche works, there is no evidence to prove it right or otherwise. The link between the psychosexual theory and adult neurotic behaviour Freud believed that any sign of neuroses stemmed from childhood, of which would indicate that there was a disruption or conflict during one of the five psychosexual stages. This basically links the idea that there was an issue of some kind during childhood and this issue has caused a lasting unwelcome effect on the future wellbeing of an individual. The disruption would take the form of some kind of conflict, during one or more of the psychosexual stages, which could lead to a behavioural transference neuroses or narcissistic neuroses. Due to Freud’s theory on the ID Ego and Superego the relationship between the three mind concepts is crucial to how the disruption or conflict was handled during the development of the psychosexual stages. Due to this concept Freud based his belief on neuroses being related to a particular trauma suffered during childhood. The psychosexual stages are guides to pinpoint the particular issue giving it a shape and a link to assist in understanding certain behaviours and the possible reasons behind them. Applying the Psychosexual theory to the presenting issue The idea is to link the presenting physiological behaviour to childhood growth of where there would have been a possible disruption or conflict. So a client with abandonment issues who has a tendency to over eat to the point where it is damaging to both their physical and mental health. The psychosexual link would lead towards their oral stage, suggesting that from birth to 18 months the transitioning from breast feeding to solid food was unsuccessful or held some form of conflict or disruption. The idea is that because the client has an eating disorder coupled with feelings of abandonment suggests that they are fixated within the oral stage. This would be a basis to first understand the client and their issue from an open point of view. Freud’s psychosexual theories have never been tested so to apply it in full would be irresponsible to say the least. Ethically the use of the psychosexual theory is not always recommended for it holds a lot of emphasis on a sexual related basis. However because it holds a possible understanding for which to build rapport and get to a level of understanding with a client, it should not be totally ruled out. The psychosexual theory can be used to understand a client but to the extent that it offers an understanding towards the presenting issue, however this could not be the case with every client. As Freud’s theories were limited to certain classes and groups of people, the ramifications may be similar in respect to other classes and groups of people but they may differ completely. Due to cultural difference and ethnic origin coupled with tradition and religion from the vast amounts of different people in the world. The childhood growth from one individual to another could be very different, whereas culturally in some areas of the world breastfeeding can last up until a child is 5 years old. How at this point is the psychosexual theory to be employed? How his form of childhood transitioning could be applied in any way to the psychosexual stages? The fact remains that due to its limitations of experimentation; it cannot be applied to everybody but instead used as a tool to better understand a client’s presenting issues. Issues such as OCD, over eating, anorexia, IBS, anxiety, phobias, grief, habits and addictions can all be linked to the past events or experiences of a client’s life. It may not necessarily be linked through the psychosexual theory but the link may very well be in the past holding a strong relevance in some form to a past experience. For this reason alone the psychosexual theory can be used as an avenue to understand the client and the relationship between their presenting issue and their past. Here is where the psychodynamics of the clients frame work are interpreted and understood and possibly confronted and dealt with in order for the client and therapist to progress with some resolution. Criticisms of Freud The main areas of criticisms on the psychosexual theory and many other Freudian theories are that it has not been tested. All of Freud’s theories were based on his ideologies and internal beliefs, so it has no scientific creditability. No prognostic worth as to place the Oedipus and Electra complex on an individual that had an absent parent or was raised with same sex parents or in another less conventional family setting, how is their future behaviour to be determined. Freud based his analysis on the patients he had access to, this was not a wide variety of individuals and many of them were middleclass wives suffering from hysteria. This is just a few of the many controversial views on Freudian theory. However along with these criticisms Freud claimed much recognition for his contributions to psychology. Before Freud there was no understanding of the mind and how it could possibly work, Freud opened the understanding to undertake that the human mind can operate on different levels. Freud gave birth to the importance of child psychological development and that children do have sexual feelings. Freud set the motion for the direction of psychology and the many areas of which can be explored, without Freud’s theories there was no basis for psychology and its possibilities. Freud gave direction and a starting point for many practitioners to base their understandings. Presenting issues and the psychosexual development theory The psychosexual development theory can prove useful in understanding a client’s presenting issue, but only as a tool to base an understanding. This theory gives a platform to further develop the client and therapist relationship, it holds not scientific value and is far too controversial to rely upon as a workable useable theory for practice. But it does allow for understanding and gives light to uncovering an issue using psychodynamic therapy. How to cite Psychosexual Theory, Essay examples

Nightmares and night terrors Essay Example

Nightmares and night terrors Paper Every night, every person around the world watches a unique movie in the form of interrupted stories, made up partly of memories, with frequent shifts of scenes. The watcher may sometimes even take part in the movie. This sort of movie is called a dream. Dreaming is a form of mental activity occurring during sleep that is different from thoughts while one is awake. Even though dreams are imaginary, they are usually related to real experience in the dreamers life. Dreams can be pleasant, some annoying, and others frightening. The reason why people dream is not fully understood. Some scientists have suggested that biological discoveries about dreaming have made psychological theories false. An excerpt taken from the World Book Encyclopedia states that dreaming sleep may play a role in restoring the brains ability to handle such tasks as focused attention, memory, and learning. Dreaming, therefore, can be very meaningful and helpful in life. B. Brain Waves and Different Stages of Sleep In 1953, American sleep researchers Eugene Aserinsky and Nataniel Kleitman have shown that a dream takes place in a biological state of its own. Dreaming, like all mental processes, is a product of the brain and its activity. Regardless of whether a person is awake or asleep, electrical waves are continuously given off from the brain. These waves are measured with an instrument known as an electroencephalograph. There are five different stages of sleep where brain waves vary: * Stage one sleep is the transition stage between wake and sleep lasting 1 to 5 minutes and occupying 2 to 5% of a nights sleep. * Stage two, occupying 45 to 60 %, is when one is actually asleep. * Delta sleep, or stages three and four are slow wave sleep, which lasts approximately 15 to 30 minutes. We will write a custom essay sample on Nightmares and night terrors specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Nightmares and night terrors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Nightmares and night terrors specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Brain activity slows down dramatically when compared to the waves in stage two. These two stages are completed within the first three hours of sleep. These are the deepest stages of sleep and the most restorative. They can occupy up to 40 % of all sleep time. * Stage five, REM-Sleep (Rapid Eye Movement Sleep), is when dreaming takes place. After that, the sleeper goes back into a deep stage four sleep. Again, the sleeper goes into an REM stage after a short period and cycles through REM and stage 4 until the sleeper is woken up. These five stages are essential in a nights sleep. Each, in its own way, helps in the bodys restoration processes. C. REM-Sleep Eugene Aserinsky was the first who discovered REM-sleep (rapid-eye-movement sleep) when he was watching an infant sleep. It seemed as though the childs eyes were moving under its eyelids quite rapidly at regular time intervals. It is a very active stage of sleep where breathing, heart rate, and brain wave activity quicken. REM-sleep occurs every 90 to 100 minutes, 3 to 5 times a night, and lasts longer as the night progresses. The final REM period may last up to 45 minutes. Together, REM-sleep usually occupies 25 percent of the nights sleep. During this stage, the persons eyes move rapidly as though the sleeper is watching a series of events. If one is awakened during REM-sleep, the person is most likely able to recall the details of a dream. Dreams usually include events and feelings that the dreamer has experienced. These can be events from the day before or minor incidents that took place in the hours before sleep. The body cannot move during an REM period. This is caused by the blocking of nerve impulses from the brain to the muscles. Even though one cannot move, the senses are greatly present during dreams. Visual experience is present in almost all dreams; auditory experience in 40 to 50%; and touch, taste, smell, and pain in very small percentages. These senses, such as touch and sound, can be incorporated into a dream if someone else uses these senses on the dreamer during REM-sleep. D. Nightmares and Night Terrors Not all dreams are of a perfect fantasy or have a fairytale ending. Some are terrifying and leave a sense of disbelief. These are nightmares, which are the darker side of dreams. A nightmare is defined as a frightening dream from which sleepers have difficulty in arousing themselves. According to Ernest Jones, true nightmares have three cardinal features. The first cardinal feature is a feeling of agonizing dread and sense of oppression. The second cardinal feature is the weight upon the chest leading to difficulty in breathing. The third and final one is a conviction of helplessness. Many people cannot differentiate nightmares from dreams. Nightmares are very distressing dreams which usually force at least partial awakening. The most common theme of nightmares is being chased by an unknown male figure. Children are normally being chased by an animal or fantasy figure.